<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vrgup</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Ростовского государственного университета путей сообщения</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik Rostovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Putej Soobshcheniya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0201-727X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ростовский государственный университет путей сообщения</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46973/0201-727X_2026_1_36</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vrgup-81</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ЛОГИСТИКА НА ТРАНСПОРТЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPERATION AND LOGISTICS ON TRANSPORT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Обзор исследований применения искусственного интеллекта и цифровых двойников для ускорения транспортных потоков на железнодорожном транспорте</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Review of research on the application of artificial intelligence and digital twins for accelerating railway transport flows</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осьминин</surname><given-names>А. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osminin</surname><given-names>A. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осьминин Александр Трофимович, кафедра «Управление эксплуатационной работой», доктор технических наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Osminin Aleksandr Trofimovich, Chair “Operational Management”, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">at@osminin.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малахова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malakhova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малахова Татьяна Александровна , кафедра «Управление эксплуатационной работой», кандидат технических наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Malakhova Tatyana Aleksandrovna , Chair “Operational Management”, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">malakhova2004@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рящиков</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryashchikov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рящиков Александр Сергеевич, кафедра «Управление эксплуатационной работой», кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ryashchikov Aleksandr Sergeevich, Chair “Operational Management”, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor, Research Fellow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">as1951@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осьминина</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Osminina</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Осьминина Ирина Ивановна, кафедра «Управление эксплуатационной работой», кандидат технических наук, доцент, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Osminina Irina Ivanovna, Chair “Operational Management”, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor, Senior Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">osminina@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Петербургский государственный университет путей сообщения Императора Александра I (ПГУПС)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Emperor Alexander I Saint Petersburg State Transport University (PSTU)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Осьминин А.Т., Малахова Т.А., Рящиков А.С., Осьминина И.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Осьминин А.Т., Малахова Т.А., Рящиков А.С., Осьминина И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Osminin A.T., Malakhova T.A., Ryashchikov A.S., Osminina I.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.rgups.ru/jour/article/view/81">https://vestnik.rgups.ru/jour/article/view/81</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлен научный обзор отечественных и зарубежных исследований, посвящённых повышению скорости и устойчивости железнодорожных перевозок за счёт цифровизации и технологий искусственного интеллекта (ИИ). Показано, что эффект «ускорения» формируется комплексом решений: цифровыми двойниками инфраструктуры и перевозочного процесса, интеллектуальным планированием и диспетчеризацией, управлением пропускной способностью, предиктивным обслуживанием, платформенными механизмами взаимодействия участников, а также технологической автоматизацией операций в узлах (в том числе на базе цифровой автосцепки). Отдельно рассмотрена российская практика согласования перевозок на основе динамической модели загрузки инфраструктуры (ДМЗИ) ОАО «РЖД» как инструмента управления доступом к инфраструктурной мощности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper provides a scientific review of Russian and international research devoted to increasing the speed and reliability of rail transportation through digitalization and artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. The analysis shows that the “acceleration” effect is typically achieved by an integrated set of solutions: digital twins of infrastructure and the transportation process, intelligent planning and dispatching, capacity management and predictive maintenance, platform mechanisms for interaction between participants, and technological automation of operations at junctions (including the use of digital automatic couplings). A special focus is given to the Russian practice of coordinating shipments based on the Dynamic Infrastructure Load Model (DILM) as a tool for managing access to infrastructure capacity.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>железнодорожная логистика</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>цифровой двойник</kwd><kwd>диспетчеризация</kwd><kwd>пропускная способность</kwd><kwd>ДМЗИ</kwd><kwd>предиктивное обслуживание</kwd><kwd>цифровые платформы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>railway logistics</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>digital twin</kwd><kwd>dispatching</kwd><kwd>capacity management</kwd><kwd>DIML</kwd><kwd>predictive maintenance</kwd><kwd>digital platforms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Revolutionizing railway systems : A systematic review of digital twin technologies / E. A. Thompson, P. Lu, P. K. Alimo [et. al.] // High-speed Railway. – 2025. – Vol. 3, Issue 3. – P. 238–250. – DOI 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Revolutionizing railway systems : A systematic review of digital twin technologies / E. A. Thompson, P. Lu, P. K. Alimo [et. al.] // High-speed Railway. – 2025. – Vol. 3, Issue 3. – P. 238–250. – DOI 10.1016/j.hspr.2025.05.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A literature review of Artificial Intelligence applications in railway systems / R. Tang, L. De Donato, N. Bešinović [et al.] // Transportation Research Part C : Emerging Technologies. – 2022. – Vol. 140. – Art. 103679.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A literature review of Artificial Intelligence applications in railway systems / R. Tang, L. De Donato, N. Bešinović [et al.] // Transportation Research Part C : Emerging Technologies. – 2022. – Vol. 140. – Art. 103679.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Towards AI-assisted digital twins for smart railways : Preliminary guideline and reference architecture / L. De Donato, R. Dirnfeld, A. Somma [et al.] // Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments. – 2023. – Vol. 9, No. 3. – P. 303–317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Towards AI-assisted digital twins for smart railways : Preliminary guideline and reference architecture / L. De Donato, R. Dirnfeld, A. Somma [et al.] // Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments. – 2023. – Vol. 9, No. 3. – P. 303–317.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Digital twin in industry : State-of-the-art / F. Tao, H. Zhang, A. Liu [et al.] // IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. – 2019. – Vol. 15, No. 4. – P. 2405–2415.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Digital twin in industry : State-of-the-art / F. Tao, H. Zhang, A. Liu [et al.] // IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. – 2019. – Vol. 15, No. 4. – P. 2405–2415.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Errandonea, I. Digital twin for maintenance : A literature review / I. Errandonea, S. Beltrán, S. Arrizabalaga // Computers in Industry. – 2020. – Vol. 123. – Art. 103316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Errandonea, I. Digital twin for maintenance : A literature review / I. Errandonea, S. Beltrán, S. Arrizabalaga // Computers in Industry. – 2020. – Vol. 123. – Art. 103316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin / O. Qi, F. Tao, T. Hu [et al.] // Journal of Manufacturing Systems. – 2021. – Vol. 58. – P. 3–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enabling technologies and tools for digital twin / O. Qi, F. Tao, T. Hu [et al.] // Journal of Manufacturing Systems. – 2021. – Vol. 58. – P. 3–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaewunruen, S. Digital twin aided sustainabilitybased lifecycle management for railway turnout systems / S. Kaewunruen, Q. Lian // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2019. – Vol. 228. – P. 1537–1551.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaewunruen, S. Digital twin aided sustainabilitybased lifecycle management for railway turnout systems / S. Kaewunruen, Q. Lian // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2019. – Vol. 228. – P. 1537–1551.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibert, X. Deep multitask learning for railway track inspection / X. Gibert, V. M. Patel, R. Chellappa // IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. – 2017. – Vol. 18, No. 1. – P. 153–164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibert, X. Deep multitask learning for railway track inspection / X. Gibert, V. M. Patel, R. Chellappa // IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. – 2017. – Vol. 18, No. 1. – P. 153–164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Systematic review railway infrastructure monitoring : From classic techniques to predictive maintenance / G. Bianchi, C. Fanelli, F. Freddi [et al.] // Advances in Mechanical Engineering. – 2025. – Vol. 17, No. 1. – DOI 10.1177/16878132241285631.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Systematic review railway infrastructure monitoring : From classic techniques to predictive maintenance / G. Bianchi, C. Fanelli, F. Freddi [et al.] // Advances in Mechanical Engineering. – 2025. – Vol. 17, No. 1. – DOI 10.1177/16878132241285631.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rail Transit Digital Twin and Deep Learning for Passenger Flow Prediction / X. Ou, T. Shi, Z. Duan [et al.] // Electronics. – 2025. – Vol. 14, No. 9. – Art. 1758. – DOI 10.3390/electronics14091758.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rail Transit Digital Twin and Deep Learning for Passenger Flow Prediction / X. Ou, T. Shi, Z. Duan [et al.] // Electronics. – 2025. – Vol. 14, No. 9. – Art. 1758. – DOI 10.3390/electronics14091758.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu, Y. A reinforcement learning approach to solving very-short term train rescheduling problem for a single-track rail corridor / Y. Liu, L. Lin, T. Liu // Journal of Rail Transport Planning &amp; Management. – 2024. – Art. 100483. – DOI 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2024.100483.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu, Y. A reinforcement learning approach to solving very-short term train rescheduling problem for a single-track rail corridor / Y. Liu, L. Lin, T. Liu // Journal of Rail Transport Planning &amp; Management. – 2024. – Art. 100483. – DOI 10.1016/j.jrtpm.2024.100483.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Extending UIC 406-based capacity analysis / N. Weik, F. Corman, G. Medeossi, I. Johansson // Journal of Rail Transport Planning &amp; Management. – 2020. – Vol. 15. – Art. 100199.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Extending UIC 406-based capacity analysis / N. Weik, F. Corman, G. Medeossi, I. Johansson // Journal of Rail Transport Planning &amp; Management. – 2020. – Vol. 15. – Art. 100199.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Landex, A. Capacity measurement with the UIC 406 capacity method / A. Landex // Computers in Railways X : Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design and Operation. – 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Landex, A. Capacity measurement with the UIC 406 capacity method / A. Landex // Computers in Railways X : Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design and Operation. – 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власова, Н. В. Ключевые аспекты функционирования динамической модели загрузки инфраструктуры ОАО «Российские железные дороги» / Н. В. Власова, В. А. Оленцевич // Современные технологии. Системный анализ. Моделирование. – 2023. – № 4 (80). – С. 148–157. – DOI 10.26731/1813-9108.2023.4(80).148-157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasova, N. V. Key aspects of the functioning of the dynamic model of infrastructure loading of JSC Russian Railways / N. V. Vlasova, V. A. Olentsevich // Modern technologies. Systems analysis. Modeling. – 2023. – No. 4 (80). – P. 148–157. – DOI 10.26731/1813-9108.2023.4(80).148-157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Об утверждении Технологии работы Динамической модели загрузки инфраструктуры ОАО «РЖД» при согласовании заявок ГУ-12 и заявок на порожние : распоряжение от 25 ноября 2022 г. N 3090/р (ред. 11.07.2023) : нормативный документ. – URL: cargo.rzd.ru api/media/resources/2532460 (дата обращения: 10.02.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">On approval of the Technology for the operation of the Dynamic Model of Infrastructure Loading of JSC Russian Railways when coordinating GU-12 applications and applications for empty trains : order of November 25, 2022 No. 3090/r (as amended on July 11, 2023) : regulatory document. – URL: cargo.rzd.ru api/media/resources/2532460 (date of access: 10.02.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зябиров, Х. Ш. Современные технологии в управлении перевозочным процессом на железнодорожном транспорте : монография / Х. Ш. Зябиров, И. Н. Шапкин // Финансы и статистика. – 2-е изд. – Москва, 2024. – 484 с. – ISBN 978-5-00184-112-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zyabirov, Kh. Sh. Modern technologies in managing the transportation process in railway transport : monograph / H. Sh. Zyabirov, I. N. Shapkin // Finance and statistics. – 2nd ed. – Moscow, 2024. – 484 p. – ISBN 978-5-00184-112-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гулый, И. М. Теория и методология экономической оценки цифровых платформенных решений в сфере грузовых смешанных перевозок на основе железнодорожного транспорта : специальность 5.2.3 «Региональная и отраслевая экономика» : диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора экономических наук / И. М. Гулый. – Санкт-Петербург, 2024. – 338 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gulyy, I. M. Theory and methodology of economic evaluation of digital platform solutions in the field of freight mixed transportation based on rail transport : specialty 5.2.3 "Regional and sectoral economics" : dissertation for the degree of doctor of economical sciences / I. M. Gulyy. – St. Petersburg, 2024. – 338 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дмитриев, А. В. Формирование и развитие цифровых экосистем транспортно-логистического обслуживания : специальность 08.00.05 «Экономика и управление народным хозяйством» (логистика) : диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора экономических наук / А. В. Дмитриев. – Санкт-Петербург, 2021. – 410 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dmitriev, A. V. Formation and development of digital ecosystems of transport and logistics services : specialty 08.00.05 "Economics and Management of the National Economy" (logistics) : dissertation for the degree of doctor of economical sciences / A. V. Dmitriev. – St. Petersburg, 2021. – 410 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маслов, Е. С. Разработка методов управления транспортно-экспедиционной деятельностью на основе интеллектуальных информационных технологий : специальность 05.22.01 «Транспортные и транспортно-технологические</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslov, E. S. Development of methods for managing transport and forwarding activities based on intelligent information technologies : specialty 05.22.01 "Transport and transport-technological системы страны, ее регионов и городов, органи- зация производства на транспорте» : автореферат диссертации кандидата технических наук / Е. С. Маслов. – Москва, 2019. – 24 с. systems of the country, its regions and cities, organization of production in transport" : abstract of the dissertation of candidate of technical sciences / E. S. Maslov. – Moscow, 2019. – 24 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Union Agency for Railways. Mandatory specifications (ETCS, GSM-R, FRMCS, ATO). – URL: https://www.era.europa.eu/era-folder/1-ccstsi-appendix-mandatory-specifications-etcs-b4-r1-rmr-gsm-r-b1-mr1-frmcs-b0-ato-b1 (дата обращения: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Union Agency for Railways. Mandatory specifications (ETCS, GSM-R, FRMCS, ATO). – URL: https://www.era.europa.eu/erafolder/1-ccs-tsi-appendix-mandatory-specifications-etcs-b4-r1-rmr-gsm-r-b1-mr1-frmcs-b0-atob1 (date of access: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking. Digital Automatic Coupling (DAC) Factsheet. – URL: https://rail-research.europa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DAC-Factsheet.pdf (дата обращения: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking. Digital Automatic Coupling (DAC) Factsheet. – URL: https://rail-research.europa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/DAC-Factsheet.pdf (date of access: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (Germany). Technical Report : “DAC Technology” – URL: https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/germany-presents-dac-study (дата обращения: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (Germany). Technical Report : “DAC Technology” – URL: https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/germany-presents-dac-study (date of access: 01/24/2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (Germany). DAC Demonstrator – Interim Report on the Completion of Phase II. – URL: https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/operational-tests-begin-for-dacfreight-train/ (дата обращения: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (Germany). DAC Demonstrator – Interim Report on the Completion of Phase II – URL: https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/operational-tests-begin-for-dacfreight-train/ (date of access: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Union of Railways (UIC). European Digital Automatic Coupling (DAC) : key element for the Green Deal modal shift. – URL: https://uic.org/com/enews/article/european-digitalautomatic-coupling-dac-key-element-for-the-greendeal-modal (дата обращения: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International Union of Railways (UIC). European Digital Automatic Coupling (DAC) : key element for the Green Deal modal shift. – URL: https://uic.org/com/enews/article/european-digitalautomatic-coupling-dac-key-element-for-thegreen-deal-modal (date of access: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verband der Güterwagenhalter in Deutschland (VPI). Digital automatic coupling. – URL: https://vpihamburg.de/en/topics/dac (дата обращения: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verband der Güterwagenhalter in Deutschland (VPI). Digital automatic coupling. – URL: https://vpihamburg.de/en/topics/dac (дата обращения: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deutsche Bahn. Digitale Schiene Deutschland : Digital twin enables efficient rail operations. – URL: https://digitale-schiene-deutschland.de/en (date of access: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deutsche Bahn. Digitale Schiene Deutschland : Digital twin enables efficient rail operations. – URL: https://digitale-schiene-deutschland.de/en (date of access: 24.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
