<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vrgup</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Ростовского государственного университета путей сообщения</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik Rostovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Putej Soobshcheniya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0201-727X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ростовский государственный университет путей сообщения</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46973/0201-727X_2025_1_51</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vrgup-108</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ, АВТОМАТИКА И ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, AUTOMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Улучшение передвижения шестиколесного наземного робота по различным типам местности с использованием алгоритма A* и нейронных сетей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Improving the locomotion of a six-wheeled ground robot on different types of terrain using A* algorithm and neural networks</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ал-Хафаджи</surname><given-names>И. М.А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Khafaji</surname><given-names>I. M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ал-Хафаджи Исра М. Абдаламир, кафедра корпоративных информационных систем, аспирант; факультет естественных наук, ассистент</p><p>Багдад</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Al-Khafaji Israa M. Abdalameer, Chair of Information Information Systems, Postgraduate Student; Department of Natural Sciences, Assistant</p><p>Baghdad</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amisnew6@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Панов Александр Владимирович, кафедра корпоративных информационных систем, кандидат технических наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Panov Alexander Vladimirovich, Chair of Information Information Systems, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Iks.ital@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт информационных технологий (МИРЭА) – Российский технологический университет; Университет Мустансирия</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Information Technologies (MIREA) – Russian Technological University; Mustansiriyah University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт информационных технологий (МИРЭА) – Российский технологический университет</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Information Technologies (MIREA) – Russian Technological University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ал-Хафаджи И.М., Панов А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ал-Хафаджи И.М., Панов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Al-Khafaji I.M., Panov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.rgups.ru/jour/article/view/108">https://vestnik.rgups.ru/jour/article/view/108</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассматривается сверточная нейронная сеть для классификации типов поверхностей, с которыми столкнулись мобильные роботы при выполнении задач навигации. Анализируется классификация из пяти типов поверхностей, на которые можно натолкнуться в Ираке: глина, холмы, ямы, дороги и бетонные покрытия. Архитектура сверточной нейронной сети (CNN) состоит из трех блоков свертки со слоями нормализации и активации ReLU, слоя объединения, полносвязанного классификационного слоя после CNN. Обучение с 96,62 % точностью убедило, что это эффективно. Лучевые графики показывают острый спад потерь и улучшение точности классификации, а кросс-матрица подтверждает успешное распознавание большинства типов поверхностей с недопущением ошибки в классификации холмов. CNN позволяет этим роботам быстрее приспособляться к такой сложной местности, динамически корректируя навигационные пути, что значительно повышает надежность и автономность в реальных операциях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A convolutional neural network is considered for classifying surface types encountered by mobile robots during navigation tasks. The classification of five surface types encountered in Iraq is analyzed: clay, hills, potholes, asphalt roads, and concrete pavements. The architecture of the convolutional neural network (CNN) consists of three convolution blocks with normalization and ReLU activation layers, a pooling layer, a fully connected classification layer after the CNN. The training with 96.62 % accuracy convinced that it is effective. The ray plots show a sharp decrease in loss and improvement in classification accuracy, and the cross matrix confirms successful recognition of most surface types with no misclassification of hills. CNN allows these robots to adapt faster to such complex terrain by dynamically adjusting navigation paths, which significantly improves reliability and autonomy in realworld operations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>матрица путаницы</kwd><kwd>типы поверхности</kwd><kwd>алгоритм A*</kwd><kwd>навигация мобильного робота</kwd><kwd>сверточная нейронная сеть (CNN)</kwd><kwd>типы поверхности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>confusion matrix</kwd><kwd>surface types</kwd><kwd>A* algorithm</kwd><kwd>mobile robot navigation</kwd><kwd>convolutional neural network (CNN)</kwd><kwd>surface types</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krizhevsky, A. ImageNet Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks / A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, G. E. Hinton // Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. – 2012. – DOI 10.1145/3065386.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krizhevsky, A. ImageNet Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks / A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, G. E. Hinton // Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. – 2012. – DOI 10.1145/3065386.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He, Q. Deep residual learning for image recognition / Q. He, S. Zhang, S. Ren, Q. Sun // IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. – 2016. – DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2016.90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He, Q. Deep residual learning for image recognition / Q. He, S. Zhang, S. Ren, Q. Sun // IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. – 2016. – DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2016.90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simonyan, K. Very deep convolutional networks for image recognition at large scales / K. Simonyan, A. Zisserman // arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556. – 2014. – URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556 (date of access: 15.10.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simonyan, K. Very deep convolutional networks for image recognition at large scales / K. Simonyan, A. Zisserman // arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556. – 2014. – URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.1556 (date of access: 15.10.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Long, J. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation / J. Long, E. Shelhamer, T. Darrell // Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. – 2015. – DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Long, J. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation / J. Long, E. Shelhamer, T. Darrell // Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. – 2015. – DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deep feature learning for discriminative localization / B. Zhou, A. Khosla, A. Lapedriza [et al.] // IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. – 2016. – DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2016.319.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deep feature learning for discriminative localization / B. Zhou, A. Khosla, A. Lapedriza [et al.] // IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. – 2016. – DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2016.319.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart, P. E. Formal Basis for Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths / P. E. Hart, N. J. Nilsson, B. Raphael // IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics. – 1968. – DOI 10.1109/TSSC.1968.300136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart, P. E. Formal Basis for Heuristic Determination of Minimum Cost Paths / P. E. Hart, N. J. Nilsson, B. Raphael // IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics. – 1968. – DOI 10.1109/TSSC.1968.300136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stentz, A. Optimal and efficient path planning for partially-known environments // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. – 1994. – DOI 10.1109/ROBOT.1994.351061.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stentz, A. Optimal and efficient path planning for partially-known environments // Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. – 1994. – DOI 10.1109/ROBOT.1994.351061.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thrun, S. Probabilistic Robotics / S. Thrun, W. Burgard, D. Fox // Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press. – 2005. – 647 p. – ISBN 978-0-262-20162-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thrun, S. Probabilistic Robotics / S. Thrun, W. Burgard, D. Fox // Cambridge, Massachusetts : MIT Press. – 2005. – 647 p. – ISBN 978-0-262-20162-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Invitation to 3D Vision : From Images to Geometric Models / Y. Ma, S. Soatto, J. Kosechka, S. S. Sastry // New York. – USA : Springer. – 2004. – 528 p. – ISBN 978-0-387-00893-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Invitation to 3D Vision : From Images to Geometric Models / Y. Ma, S. Soatto, J. Kosechka, S. S. Sastry // New York. – USA : Springer. – 2004. – 528 p. – ISBN 978-0-387-00893-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong, J. Y. Theory of ground vehicles. 3rd ed. – New York, NY : Wiley, 1989. – 528 p. – ISBN 978-0-471-35461-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong, J. Y. Theory of ground vehicles. 3rd ed. – New York, NY : Wiley, 1989. – 528 p. – ISBN 978-0-471-35461-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
